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Spring vegetation
South Dakota range
Red clover
White clover
Plenty of grass to eat
Chicory
Hydroponic fodder
Hay Auction
Hay
Lambs eating hay
Ewes eating alfalfa hay
Ewes eating grass hay
Young lamb eating haylage
Eating creep feed
Drinking liquid molasses
Wet feed
Six kinds of grain
Image by Cindy Mason
Corn and protein pellet
Whole cottonseed
Soybean hulls
Pineapple cannery waste
Range cubes
Lambs eating mineral
Eating grain
Grain bin
Lick tub
Mineral feeder
Salt lick
Tropical forages
Feedstuffs for sheep and lambs
Definition of feedstuff - any of the constituent nutrients of an animal ration.
While forages are the most "natural" diet for sheep and lambs and usually the most economical, a sheep's nutritional requirements can be met by feeding a variety of feedstuffs. The rumen can easily adapt to different feedstuffs, so long as it is given ample time to adjust.
Feedstuffs can substitute for one another so long as the sheep's nutritional requirements are met, nutritional imbalances are not created, and the health of the rumen is not compromised. Feeding programs should take into account animal requirements, feedstuff availability, costs of nutrients, and labor.
Pasture, forbs, and browse
Pasture, range, forbs, and browse are usually the primary and most economical source of nutrients for sheep and lambs, and in many cases, all that sheep need to meet their nutritional requirements. For example, from the time a ewe weans her lambs through her first 15 weeks of pregnancy, forage will likely meet all her nutritional needs.
Pasture is high in energy, protein, and palatability when it is in a vegetative state. However, it can have a high moisture content when it is rapidly growing, and sometimes it can be difficult for high-producing animals to eat enough grass to meet their nutrient requirements. Vegetation with high moisture content can also cause sheep and lambs to have loose feces.
As pasture plants mature, their palatability, digestibility, and nutritive value decline, thus it is important to rotate and/or clip pastures to keep plants in a vegetative state. Forbs often have higher digestibility and crude protein levels than grasses at similar stages of maturity. It is becoming popular in some countries to graze sheep on herbs (chicory and plaintain).
Sheep are excellent weed eaters and will often choose to eat weeds over grass. Because of their preference for weeds, sheep are often used to control invasive or noxious weeds, such as leafy spurge, knapweed, and kudzu.There is renewed interest in hydoponic fodder, e.g. barley sprouts, as a feed source for sheep and other livestock. Hydroponic fodder is a nutritious feed, but is high in moisture content, thus usually has a high nutrient cost. Hydroponic fodder is usually fed as a portion of the diet or mixed into a TMR.
Hay
Hay is forage that has been mowed (cut) and cured (dried) for use as livestock feed. It is usually the primary source of nutrients for sheep during the winter months or dry season when most forage plants are not actively growing. Hay varies tremendously in quality, and while hay quality can be affected by plant species, quality is determined mostly by the maturity of the plants when they were harvested for hay.
Proper harvesting and storage is necessary to maintain nutritional quality of hay. Hay that is stored outside without cover deteriorates rapidly in quality. The only way to know the "true" nutritive value of hay is to have it analyzed at a forage testing laboratory. A list of certified forage testing laboratories can be found at www.foragetesting.org.
Hay is a moderate source of protein and energy for sheep and lambs. While good grass
hays usually have as much energy as legume hays, legumes have 50 to 75 percent more protein and three times as much calcium. However, a good quality grass hay will be a better source of nutrients than a low or medium-quality legume hay if it is more digestible.The important thing about hay is to feed the right hay at the right time. The is no "best" hay. From an economical standpoint, the "best" hay is the hay that provides the proper amount of nutrients at the lowest cost. Palatability is important to the extent that the more hay sheep refuse the higher cost it will be.
It is best to save pure legume hays, such as alfalfa, for the lactation diet due to their higher levels of protein and calcium. If a grass hay is fed during late gestation or lactation, it may be necessary to provide an additional source of calcium to pregnant ewes and supplemental calcium and protein to lactating ewes.
An average quality grass hay is usually more than adequate for ewes during maintenance and in early to mid-gestation. Grass hay almost always meets the needs of mature rams and wethers. A mixed grass-legume hay can be fed to ewes in late gestation to meet their increased need for calcium.
Bromegrass
Kentucky bluegrass
Native grasses
Orchardgrass
Reed canarygrass
Ryegrass
Tall fescue
TimothyAlfalfa
Birdsfoot trefoil
Cow peas
Lespedeza
Peanut
Red clover
Soybean
White clover/Ladino
VetchIdeally, hay should be purchased (or priced) according to weight. A sheep's nutritional requirements are based on weight not volume and you won't know what it costs to feed your sheep unless you know how many pounds your sheep are eating and what the feed cost per unit of weight. Wastage (or refusal) also factors into the cost of hay.
The weight of hay bales (square, round, and large square) varies significantly. When hay is purchased by the bale and you don't know what the bales weigh, you could be spending a lot more for hay than you think. Most hay auctions sell hay by the ton. If you buy hay from a farm, you can ask the farmer to sell you hay by the ton and weigh the load of hay on a grain scale. Otherwise, you can weigh a few representative bales, then negotiate a per bale price.
Purchasing hay: by the bale (volume) vs. by the ton (weight)
If you produce your own hay, the cost to the sheep operation should be the "opportunity" cost of the hay. An opportunity cost is the value of a resource for its next-highest-value alternative. In the case of hay, this is usually the income you would receive from the hay if you sold it (less marketing costs).
Silage or Haylage (ensilage)
Silage (or ensilage) is a generic term for livestock feed that is produced by the controlled fermentation of high moisture herbage. Silage can be made from forage or grain crops. It has been successfully fed to sheep; however, special attention must be paid to quality, as moldy silage can cause listeriosis "circling disease." Listeriosis is an occasional cause of abortion in ewes. As compared to cattle, sheep are more susceptible to the negative effects of moldy silage. It is important that sheep consume silage before it has a chance to spoil.
As with fresh forage, the high-producing animal often cannot consume enough high moisture silage to meet its nutritional needs. Silage is typically fed on large farms, due to the need for storage and automated feeding equipment. It can be a more economical source of feed than traditional feeds. For small and medium sized flocks, silage bags make silage feeding a possibility. It is becoming more popular to feed balage to sheep.
Concentrates (grain)
It is often necessary to feed concentrates to sheep to provide nutrients that forage alone lacks. This is particularly true in the case of high-producing animals. There are also times and situations where concentrates are a more economical source of nutrients than forages. Creep feeding and supplemental feeding of lambs has been shown to increase weight gains and market acceptability. The economics of supplemental feeding will vary by operation.
Energy feeds
There are two types of concentrate feeds: carbonaceous and proteinaceous. Carbonaceous concentrates or "energy" feeds are high in total digestible nutrients (TDN), but tend to be low in protein (8-11 percent protein). The most common energy feeds are the cereal grains: corn, barley, wheat, oats, milo (grain sorghum), and rye. Some by-products are also high in energy.
It is usually not necessary to process grains (grind, crack, roll, or crimp) for sheep except for lambs that are less than six weeks of age and lack a functioning rumen. In fact, whole grain diets are healthier for the rumen because they require the animal to do its own grinding of the feed. Whole grain diets are less likely to cause digestive upsets, such as acidosis. Whole, uncooked soybeans may also be fed to sheep.While cereal grains are the most concentrated source of energy, they are high in phosphorus and low in calcium. Feeding a diet that is high in phosphorus and low in calcium can cause urinary calculi in wethers and intact males. Inadequate calcium can lead to milk fever in pregnant or lactating ewes.
Excessive or sudden intake of grain can cause numerous digestive and metabolic problems in sheep and lambs, including enterotoxemia (overeating disease), acidosis (grain overload), bloat, and polioencephalomalacia. The rumen always needs time to adjust to a higher concentrate diet, as there are different microbes for digesting starches and sugars versus cellulose (fiber).
Energy feeds
Whole cottonseed Wheat middlings Corn grain Wheat grain Milo (grain sorghum) Barley grain Corn gluten feed Ear corn Rye grain Soybean hulls Molasses Beet pulp pellets Oat grain
Protein feeds
Proteinaceous concentrates or "protein feeds" contain high levels of protein (over 15 percent). Examples include soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and fish meal. Soybean meal is the most commonly fed protein supplement. By law, ruminant-derived meat and bone meal cannot be fed to other ruminants, including sheep. Fish meal is valued for its high level of by-pass protein. Roasted soybeans contain more by-pass protein that uncooked beans or bean meal.
Protein quantity is generally more important than protein quality (amino acid content) in ruminant diets because the microbes in the rumen manufacture their own protein. Livestock do not store excess protein; it is burned as energy or eliminated (as nitrogen) by the kidneys. Feeding protein above NRC requirements will not usually increase productivity or carcass quality.
Since parasites often cause blood loss in sheep and lambs, higher levels of protein in the diet may enable the animal to mount a greater immune response to parasites, especially the blood-sucking barber pole worm. Research has shown that protein supplementation (above NRC requirements), especially by-pass protein, can reduce fecal egg counts in the periparturient ewe.
Urea
Urea is not a protein supplement, but is a source of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) that rumen bacteria can use to synthesize protein. NPN should be used only in conjunction with high-energy feeds such as corn. Urea, which is 45 percent nitrogen and has a crude protein equivalent of 281 percent, should not supply over one-third of the total nitrogen in a diet.
Protein feeds
Urea Fish meal Soybean meal Whole soybeans Cottonseed meal Linseed meal Commercial protein supplement Corn gluten feed Poultry litter Distiller's grains Brewer's grains Whole cottonseed Alfalfa pellets Lick tubs
Commercial Feeds
Pelleted Supplements
Many feed companies offer "complete" sheep and/or lamb feeds. These are textured (sweet) or processed (pelleted) feed products which have been balanced for the needs of sheep of a specific age or production category. Complete feeds should not be mixed with other grains, because this will "unbalance" them. For example, adding corn to a complete feed will alter the Ca:P ratio and could result in urinary calculi in male lambs.
Pelleted rations have an advantage in that the animals cannot sort feed ingredients. Sorting can be a problem when animals are on self-feeders and allowed to eat all they want. Pelleted diets are ideal for free choice self-feeding. Complete feeds come in 50 or 100 lb. sacks and tend to be more expensive than home-made concentrate rations. For small producers, inexperienced shepherds, and 4-H members, commercial feeds are usually recommended.
To help control feed costs, producers can mix their own simple rations by combining various feed ingredients, such as corn, soybean meal, and minerals. It is also possible to buy commercial pelleted supplements that contain vitamins and minerals, as well as high levels of protein (34-40%). These supplements can easily be combined with whole grains or by-product feeds to create balanced concentrate rations.
For example, combining 4 lbs. of corn with 1 lb. of a 36% protein pellet would result in a 16% protein ration that includes vitamins and minerals, making it a "complete" ration. This ration would be suitable for feeding lactating ewes or finishing feeder lambs.
By-product feeds
There are numerous by-products that can be fed to sheep and lambs. Most by-products are available as a result of processing a traditional feed ingredient to generate another product. For example, corn gluten meal is a by-product of the corn milling process. Soybean hulls are a by-product of soybean processing for oil and meal.
Wheat middlings are a by-product of the flour milling industry. Beet Pulp is the vegetable matter, which remains after sugar is extracted from sliced sugar beets. Brewers grains is a by-product of the brewing industry. Citrus Pulp is the dried residue of peel, pulp and seeds of oranges, grapefruit and other citrus fruit. Sheep can also be fed waste products, such as cull onions and pumpkins, and out-dated (expired) human food stuffs.By-product feeds can be economical sources of nutrients for sheep; but because they are variable, they should be analyzed for nutritive content. Some by-product feeds contain high levels of certain minerals. This needs to be considered when balancing rations. The high moisture content of some by-product feeds could limit consumption of the diet resulting in poor animal performance. High water content may also make by-product feeds difficult to transport and store. By-product feeds are often incorporated into least cost rations or TMR's (total mixed rations).
By-products
Alfalfa pellets Beet pulp (dry) Citrus pulp (dry) Corn gluten feed Corn stalks Distiller's grains (dry) Ear corn Grain screenings Kelp (dry) Molasses (cane, dry) Poultry litter (dry) Soybean hulls Wheat middlings Whole cottonseed
Vitamins and minerals
Choosing the right mineral supplement for sheep can be very tricky. Sheep require macro and micro (trace) minerals and you need to know what minerals are deficient (or excess) in your area and in your feedstuffs. Mineral supplements range from salt to trace mineralized salt (TMS) to complete mineral mixes containing all of the macro and micro minerals required by sheep.
In general, TMS fortified with selenium is all that is needed during the spring and summer when sheep are grazing high quality pastures containing more than 20 percent clover. Complete mineral mixes are recommended when grazing low quality roughages, starting four weeks before breeding, during breeding, and during late gestation and early lactation.
Studies have clearly shown that selenium supplementation for pregnant ewes via a mineral mix is superior to selenium injections in late gestation. When high grain diets, certain alternative feeds, or silage are fed to sheep, additional calcium is required in the diet.The most important minerals are calcium, phosphorus, salt (NaCl), and selenium.
Sources of calcium and phosphorus
Bonemeal Dicalcium Phosphate Limestone Sodium Phosphate Alfalfa leaf meal Dried kelp Trace mineral mix
With the exception of salt, it has been scientifically proven that animals are unable to determine the proper balance and amount of minerals required when fed free choice. Some animals may consume more of what they do not need, while others may not consume enough (or any), even if they are required. It is therefore recommended, that minerals be thoroughly blended with the ration wherever possible to ensure proper supplementation. However if this is not possible, minerals can be mixed with loose salt.
Granular or "loose" forms of minerals are preferred to blocks. Blocks are hard on the teeth and consumption may be less. Performance may be better if loose minerals are fed. Mineral feeders should be full of fresh mineral, placed in readily available areas and protected from the weather. Sporadic feeding of minerals may cause animals to "binge". Coccidiostats can be incorporated into mineral mixes.Sheep should not be fed commercial feeds and mineral mixes that have been formulated for other livestock because these products may contain copper. Sheep cannot tolerate excess copper in their diets. Excess copper is stored in the liver and can cause a toxic reaction, resulting in the death of the sheep.
Copper nutrition is complicated, involving interactions with other minerals, including molybdenum, sulfur, and iron. Producers should not provide supplemental copper to their sheep unless a deficiency has been documented via laboratory tests. The mineral status of animals can be determined by having livers analyzed.
Feed Additives
A feed additive is a compound added to the ration for a purpose other than to supply nutrients. Various feed additives can be utilized to improve the health of sheep and lambs.
Antibiotics
In the US, oxytetraycline is FDA-approved to feed to ewes to prevent abortions caused by chlamyida and vibrio. In order to do so, producers must obtain a written script (called a VFD) from their veterinarian. Including sub-therapeutic antibiotics in the feed of lambs is now prohibited.
Ionophores
Lasalocid (Bovatec®) and Monensin (Rumensin®) are ionophores that can be added to mineral mixes or complete rations. Ionophores improve feed utilization and gain in cattle by altering rumen fermentation. They are also coccidiostats. They kill coccidia, primarily during the sporozoite stage. Lasalocid (Bovatec®) is labeled as a coccidiostat for confined sheep.
Rumensin® is approved for use in goats and cattle. Its use in sheep must be prescribed by a veterinarian. Care must be taken when having Rumensin® mixed into rations, as there is a greater risk of toxicity. Decoquinate (Deccox®) is also a coccidiostat. Decco®x stops coccidia from growing. In contrast with Bovatec® and Rumensin®, Deccox® is a quinolone. It is safer to use than ionophores, but is more expensive. Bovatec® and especially Rumensin® can be toxic to equines.Feeding Bovatec® or Deccox® to ewes prior to lambing may help to reduce the level of coccidia in the lambing environment. Rumensin® fed to ewes during late gestation may help to prevent abortions caused by toxoplasmosis. Other potential benefits to ionophores include reduced incidences of acidosis and feed lot bloat. Ionophores have also been shown to reduce livestock methane production (CH4) and nitrogen leaching.
Probiotics
Probiotics are just the opposite of antibiotics. They are living organisms of beneficial bacteria. Probiotics may improve animal performance by keeping livestock healthy and improving their digestion. Many commercial feeds contain probiotics. Milk replacers usually contain probiotics.Yeast is a probiotic and has been incorporated into livestock rations. So far, there is little published data to support an improvement in animal performance as a result of feeding probiotics or similar additives. More research is needed before their benefits and economics can be validated.
Ammonium chloride is often added to lamb rations to prevent urinary calculi (kidney stones). Ammonium chloride will help to acidify the urine. It should be added to the ration at a rate of 0.5 to 1.5 percent. It can also be mixed as a drench and used to treat lambs with early signs of urinary calculi.
Feedstuffs for sheep and lambs
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